Cosmetic fillers New Westminster

Cosmetic fillers New Westminster

Botox For Neck Rejuvenation

We understand that everyone's skin is unique, which is why we offer personalized consultations. Learn more about Premier Botox treatments near Columbia Street, New Westminster here. We skillfully treat horizontal lines that can make you look worried or tired, smoothing them out for a more relaxed expression. Non-Surgical Facelifts This means you can easily fit a session into your lunch break or between errands without a significant disruption to your day. Learn more about Cosmetic fillers New Westminster here We often encounter misconceptions about Botox, believing it results in an unnatural appearance. That's why we offer a variety of payment options.
We're excited to unveil three new Cosmetic Botox services, designed to cater to our clients' diverse needs with precision and care. We've gathered a few tips to ensure you're fully prepared for the treatment day. Botox effects typically last 3 to 4 months, at which point many clients choose to have follow-up treatments. We're committed to providing treatments that fit seamlessly into our clients' lives, making cosmetic enhancement a practical option for many.
We're committed to providing expert care, utilizing the latest techniques to deliver safe, effective cosmetic Botox solutions. We've all seen the dramatic transformations that can come from cosmetic Botox, like our client Sarah, who discovered a newfound confidence after her treatment at Manhas Health Co. in Cosmetic fillers New Westminster. We've also heard, “I was skeptical about getting Botox, but seeing the natural-looking results, I'm so glad I did. We're proud to display these real-life examples, as they not only demonstrate our expertise but also help potential clients visualize the potential outcomes of their own treatments.
Choosing Manhas Health Co for your cosmetic Botox needs ensures you're opting for unparalleled expertise and personalized care. At Manhas Health Co., we tailor our Botox treatments to not only address current concerns but also to strategically protect against the signs of aging that haven't yet appeared. Trust us to help you achieve a smoother, more youthful complexion with Botox. We understand everyone has a busy schedule, so we've made sure to offer appointments throughout the week, including weekends.

The process involves small injections that relax the muscles responsible for creating wrinkles, resulting in a smoother, fresher facial appearance.

Cosmetic fillers New Westminster - Botox For Fine Lines And Wrinkles

  • Botox Clinic In New Westminster
  • Botox Aftercare
  • Botox Treatment Packages
  • Botox Treatment Reviews
  • Botox Consultation
  • Cosmetic Injectables
  • Botox For Facial Asymmetry
  • Dermal Filler Injections
  • Botox Treatment For Puffiness
  • Botox Alternatives
  • Xeomin Injections
  • Botox For Body Contouring
  • Botox For Crow'S Feet
  • Non-Invasive Botox
  • Botox Results
That's why we don't take a one-size-fits-all approach. Each photo tells a story of renewed confidence and satisfaction, reflecting the high-quality care and personalized approach we're known for at Manhas Health Co. Let's clear this up-most clients report a quick, mild discomfort at most.
Trust us to enhance your natural beauty with Botox strategies designed just for you. Our team's meticulous approach ensures that each client's experience is tailored to their unique needs, prioritizing comfort and results. At Manhas Health Co., we're not just about achieving stunning results; we're about doing it safely.
This ensures that we can tailor our Botox treatments to fit your unique needs perfectly. However, it's also important to us that we're transparent about the process. Our team consists of certified professionals who are passionate about what they do and stay updated with the latest techniques and products in the cosmetic field. Read more about Cosmetic fillers New Westminster here
That's why we offer customized treatment plans tailored specifically to your goals and concerns. Botox Benefits Our team of experts isn't only highly trained in the latest Botox techniques but also deeply committed to your safety and satisfaction. You'll need to provide some basic information such as your name, contact number, and any specific concerns or areas you'd like to focus on during your Botox treatment.

New Westminster wrinkle relaxers

Richard Clement Moody arrived in British Columbia in December 1858, at the head of the Royal Engineers, Columbia Detachment, having been hand picked to "found a second England on the shores of the Pacific".  Moody "wanted to build a city of beauty in the wilderness" and planned his city as an iconic visual metaphor for British dominance, "styled and located with the objective of reinforcing the authority of the Crown and of the robe  Subsequent to the enactment of the Pre-emption Act of 1860, Moody settled the Lower Mainland and selected the site and founded the new capital, New Westminster. Moody and the Royal Engineers were trained in settlement and selected the site because of its defensibility: it was farther from the American border than the site of the colony's proclamation, Fort Langley, possessed "great facilities for communication by water, as well as by future great trunk railways into the interior and possessed an excellent port  Moody was also struck by the majestic beauty of the site, writing in his letter to Blackwood:

Chin filler New Westminster

Nearby Tourist Attractions

New Westminster Museum

Tourist attraction, Archive, Museum
New Westminster Museum, 777 Columbia St, New Westminster, BC V3M 1B6
Small contemporary exhibition of local historical artifacts, records, photos & vehicles.

Fraser River Discovery Centre

Visitor center, Art museum, Children's amusement center, Science museum, Tourist attraction
Fraser River Discovery Centre, 788 Quayside Dr, New Westminster, BC V3M 6Z6
Modern museum featuring hands-on educational exhibits about the Fraser River & its history.

Samson V Museum

Tourist attraction, Historical landmark, Historical place museum
Samson V Museum, 880 Quayside Dr, New Westminster, BC V3M 6G1

FRASER RIVER NEW WESTMINSTER BC CANADÁ

Tourist attraction
FRASER RIVER NEW WESTMINSTER BC CANADÁ, Quayside Dr, New Westminster, BC V3M 6T8

Charles Rummel Park

Tourist attraction, Park
Charles Rummel Park, 3325 Piper Ave, Burnaby, BC V5A 2A8
Park featuring a playground with a splash area, plus a ball diamond, walking paths & restrooms.


Citations and other links

Cosmetic skin care Cosmetic fillers New Westminster

We've seen firsthand how these treatments can smooth out facial wrinkles, reduce lines around the eyes and forehead, and give a more rested, youthful appearance. This preventative measure can be particularly effective in areas where expression lines commonly form, such as around the eyes, forehead, and mouth. They're not just about the treatments but ensuring you're comfortable and informed throughout the process.” We're here to support our clients, not just aesthetically, but by providing a caring and professional environment. Our clients' satisfaction is our top priority, and we go the extra mile to ensure that every visit is a positive experience.

At Manhas Health Co., we're dedicated to making your cosmetic Botox experience positive and rewarding.

Cosmetic fillers New Westminster - Botox For Fine Lines And Wrinkles

  1. Botox Treatment Reviews
  2. Botox Consultation
  3. Cosmetic Injectables
  4. Botox For Facial Asymmetry
  5. Dermal Filler Injections
  6. Botox Treatment For Puffiness
  7. Botox Alternatives
  8. Xeomin Injections
  9. Botox For Body Contouring
  10. Botox For Crow'S Feet
  11. Non-Invasive Botox
  12. Botox Results
  13. Dysport Treatments
  14. Botox For Migraines
  15. Fda-Approved Botox
  16. Anti-Aging Botox
  17. Botox For Tmj
  18. Botox Safety
We're proud to say that our team's commitment to excellence doesn't stop at their technical skills.

Cosmetic fillers New Westminster - Neuromodulator Treatments

  • Botox Treatment For Puffiness
  • Botox Alternatives
  • Xeomin Injections
  • Botox For Body Contouring
  • Botox For Crow'S Feet
  • Non-Invasive Botox
  • Botox Results
  • Dysport Treatments
  • Botox For Migraines
  • Fda-Approved Botox
  • Anti-Aging Botox
  • Botox For Tmj
  • Botox In Cosmetic Dermatology
  • Botox Benefits
  • Botox Facial Treatments
Many share stories of newfound confidence and joy in their appearance, praising not just the results but the care and professionalism they encountered at Manhas Health Co.

It's about enhancing quality of life in various ways. Recognizing the uniqueness of each individual's needs, we customize every Cosmetic Botox treatment plan to ensure optimal results. At Manhas Health Co.

Cosmetic fillers New Westminster - Botox Treatment Packages

  • Botox Results
  • Dysport Treatments
  • Botox For Migraines
  • Fda-Approved Botox
  • Anti-Aging Botox
  • Botox For Tmj
  • Botox Consultation
  • Cosmetic Injectables
  • Botox For Facial Asymmetry
  • Dermal Filler Injections
  • Botox Treatment For Puffiness
  • Botox Alternatives
  • Xeomin Injections
  • Botox For Body Contouring
  • Botox For Crow'S Feet
in Cosmetic fillers New Westminster, we're bringing beauty back with our bespoke Botox treatments, tailored to transform your skin.

Our skilled team is passionate about helping you look and feel your best. This helps prevent spreading the Botox to unintended muscles. We take the time to listen to you, ensuring that your Botox treatment aligns perfectly with your vision of beauty.

Cosmetic skin care Cosmetic fillers New Westminster
Modern Botox clinic Cosmetic fillers New Westminster

Modern Botox clinic Cosmetic fillers New Westminster

After your treatment, we'll provide detailed aftercare instructions to help you achieve the best results while minimizing any potential side effects. At Manhas Health Co., we recognize that every person's skin and aesthetic goals are unique. Instead, we listen to your concerns, assess your facial structure, and recommend treatments that target your specific needs. That's why we focus on a natural, refreshed appearance, tailoring each treatment to your unique facial structure and aesthetic goals. When considering Botox at Manhas Health Co, you'll first undergo a comprehensive consultation to tailor the treatment to your specific needs and expectations.

Curiosity might not have been kind to the cat, but in this case, it could lead to uncovering the fountain of youth you've been searching for. Neuromodulator Treatments First, visit our website and navigate to the 'Bookings' section. We then craft a personalized treatment plan, ensuring the results align with their desires. It's a quick, straightforward treatment that offers dramatic improvements in how we look and feel about ourselves.

Just select the service you're interested in, choose a time that fits your schedule, and you're all set. This innovative treatment can help reduce the appearance of a strong jaw, creating a softer, more balanced profile. Botox In Cosmetic Dermatology We listen to your concerns and goals to tailor a treatment plan that's just right for you. At Manhas Health Co., we've observed that Botox treatments offer a multitude of benefits, ranging from enhanced facial aesthetics to improved self-confidence.

Cosmetic fillers New Westminster - Botox For Smile Lines

  • Dysport Treatments
  • Botox For Migraines
  • Fda-Approved Botox
  • Anti-Aging Botox
  • Botox For Tmj
  • Botox Aftercare
  • Botox Treatment Packages
  • Botox Treatment Reviews
  • Botox Consultation
  • Cosmetic Injectables
  • Botox For Facial Asymmetry
  • Dermal Filler Injections
  • Botox Treatment For Puffiness
  • Botox Alternatives
  • Xeomin Injections
  • Botox For Body Contouring
  • Botox For Crow'S Feet
  • Non-Invasive Botox


Botox's versatility shines through in its application across various facial areas, directly targeting the muscles responsible for wrinkles and fine lines. We're here to support you every step of the way, making us the ideal partner for your cosmetic journey. We're here to help you feel and look your best, providing personalized consultations to discuss your specific concerns and desired outcomes. Another frequent concern is the fear of an unnatural look.

Botox Consultations Near Me Cosmetic fillers New Westminster

However, we're here to assure you that when administered by our skilled professionals, Botox enhances natural beauty without altering facial expressions. Botox helps soften these, giving you a fresher, more youthful look. That's why we're always available to answer any questions you might've about your personalized treatment plan. Botox For Smile Lines While we're thrilled to share client success stories, we also understand the importance of addressing the concerns some may have about Botox treatments. Botox Facial Treatments

Following your Botox treatment at Manhas Health Co., we'll guide you through the aftercare process to ensure optimal results and a smooth recovery. The procedure itself is quick, usually taking no more than 20 minutes. We take the time to understand your specific needs and goals, ensuring a tailored treatment plan that's right for you.

Our experienced team ensures each treatment is customized to suit your specific needs, providing natural-looking results that enhance your innate beauty. We also offer Botox for hyperhidrosis, a condition characterized by excessive sweating. It's a fascinating process, really.

We've seen firsthand how it transforms not just appearances but also boosts confidence and self-esteem. We've discovered that by understanding how Botox works, our clients can make informed decisions about their beauty treatments. Instead, we start with a thorough consultation to understand what you're hoping to achieve with Botox, whether it's reducing fine lines, smoothing out wrinkles, or achieving a more youthful appearance.

Botox Consultations Near Me Cosmetic fillers New Westminster
Cosmetic fillers New Westminster Cosmetic Treatments Hub
Cosmetic fillers New Westminster Cosmetic Treatments Hub

These testimonials represent just a fraction of the positive feedback we've received. They're also exceptional at making our clients feel welcomed and at ease from the moment they step into our clinic. We're here to listen and provide you with the information you need to make an informed decision. Through client testimonials and our striking before and after gallery, the evidence of our commitment to excellence speaks for itself.

Cosmetic fillers New Westminster - Botox Clinic In New Westminster

  1. Xeomin Injections
  2. Botox For Body Contouring
  3. Botox For Crow'S Feet
  4. Non-Invasive Botox
  5. Botox Results
  6. Dysport Treatments
  7. Botox For Migraines
  8. Fda-Approved Botox
  9. Anti-Aging Botox
  10. Botox For Tmj
  11. Botox For Forehead Rejuvenation
  12. Botox Safety
  13. Botox Clinic In New Westminster
  14. Botox Aftercare
  15. Botox Treatment Packages
Botox For Fine Lines And Wrinkles

We know that everyone's skin and cosmetic goals differ, which is why we don't take a one-size-fits-all approach. Embarking on the Botox treatment journey at Manhas Health Co., we'll first schedule an in-depth consultation to discuss your goals and examine your skin. Lastly, we don't overlook the lines around the mouth and the chin.

Our team has worked tirelessly to develop these offerings, ensuring they meet the high standards our clients have come to expect from us. These stories aren't just about the aesthetic improvements; they're about the newfound confidence and joy our clients experience. Moreover, we pride ourselves on using the latest techniques and highest quality products.

This means you're always getting the best, most innovative care available. We're here to guide you through the financial aspects, ensuring clarity and ease of access to our services. During the procedure, we'll use a very fine needle to inject Botox into the targeted muscles.

Forehead wrinkle injections Cosmetic fillers New Westminster

Choosing Manhas Health Co means opting for excellence, care, and value. After the treatment, we recommend avoiding touching or rubbing the treated areas for at least 24 hours. We use a fine needle for the injections, making the process as comfortable as possible. Join us as we uncover the magic behind Botox and discover why so many are turning to this revolutionary treatment to help them look and feel their best. We're proud to say that every member of our team isn't just highly trained in their field, but also passionately committed to providing the best possible care and results for our clients.

Cosmetic fillers New Westminster - Botox Treatment Packages

  • Non-Invasive Botox
  • Botox Results
  • Dysport Treatments
  • Botox For Migraines
  • Fda-Approved Botox
  • Anti-Aging Botox
  • Botox For Tmj
  • Botox Treatment Reviews
  • Botox Consultation
  • Cosmetic Injectables
  • Botox For Facial Asymmetry
  • Dermal Filler Injections
  • Botox Treatment For Puffiness
  • Botox Alternatives
  • Xeomin Injections
  • Botox For Body Contouring
  • Botox For Crow'S Feet
  • Non-Invasive Botox

Lastly, applying a cold pack to the treated areas can help reduce any swelling or bruising. Botox For Neck Rejuvenation We believe in transparency and education, so we're always ready to answer any questions you might have. Our goal is to ensure everyone leaves feeling informed and excited about their Botox journey. This means we're not just focused on reducing wrinkles; we're dedicated to enhancing your confidence and quality of life. Botox Aftercare
But the journey towards a more youthful appearance doesn't stop there. We'll discuss all costs and payment options with you in detail, ensuring there are no surprises. Botox isn't just about reducing wrinkles; it's about creating a balanced, harmonious look that enhances your natural beauty without altering your fundamental appearance. After my treatment at Manhas Health Co., I not only look refreshed but feel a surge of confidence.
The forehead is one of the most popular spots. Schedule your consultation today, and let's start this transformative journey together. One client mentioned, “After my first session at Manhas Health Co., I noticed a significant reduction in my forehead lines. We're committed to not just meeting but exceeding your expectations with our state-of-the-art services.

Learn more about Cosmetic fillers New Westminster here
Forehead wrinkle injections Cosmetic fillers New Westminster

Cosmetic may refer to:

  • Cosmetics, or make-up, substances to enhance the beauty of the human body, apart from simple cleaning
  • Cosmetic, an adjective describing beauty, aesthetics, or appearance, especially concerning the human body
  • Cosmetic, a topical product that is not a drug
  • In-game cosmetics, video game virtual goods that generally offer no competitive advantage

See also

[edit]

Military Policlinic in Legionowo, Poland

A clinic (or outpatient clinic or ambulatory care clinic) is a health facility that is primarily focused on the care of outpatients. Clinics can be privately operated or publicly managed and funded. They typically cover the primary care needs of populations in local communities, in contrast to larger hospitals which offer more specialized treatments and admit inpatients for overnight stays.

Most commonly, the English word clinic refers to a general practice, run by one or more general practitioners offering small therapeutic treatments, but it can also mean a specialist clinic. Some clinics retain the name "clinic" even while growing into institutions as large as major hospitals or becoming associated with a hospital or medical school.

Etymology

[edit]
The entrance to a surgery clinic in Greenwich, London

The word clinic derives from Ancient Greek κλίνειν klinein meaning to slope, lean or recline. Hence κλίνη klinē is a couch or bed and κλινικός klinikos is a physician who visits his patients in their beds.[1] In Latin, this became clīnicus.[2][3]

An early use of the word clinic was "one who receives baptism on a sick bed".[4]

Overview

[edit]
A medpunkt (health care access point) delivers primary health care to the residents of the village of Veliki Vrag, Russia.

Clinics are often associated with a general medical practice run by one or several general practitioners. Other types of clinics are run by the type of specialist associated with that type: physical therapy clinics by physiotherapists and psychology clinics by clinical psychologists, and so on for each health profession. (This can even hold true for certain services outside the medical field: for example, legal clinics are run by lawyers.)

Some clinics are operated in-house by employers, government organizations, or hospitals, and some clinical services are outsourced to private corporations which specialize in providing health services. In China, for example, owners of such clinics do not have formal medical education. There were 659,596 village clinics in China in 2011.[5]

Health care in India, China, Russia and Africa is provided to those regions' vast rural areas by mobile health clinics or roadside dispensaries, some of which integrate traditional medicine. In India these traditional clinics provide ayurvedic medicine and unani herbal medical practice. In each of these countries, traditional medicine tends to be a hereditary practice.

Function

[edit]
Policlinic in Karl-Marx-Stadt, German Democratic Republic

The function of clinics differs from country to country. For instance, a local general practice run by a single general practitioner provides primary health care and is usually run as a for-profit business by the owner, whereas a government-run specialist clinic may provide subsidized or specialized[dubiousdiscuss] health care.

Some clinics serve as a place for people with injuries or illnesses to be seen by a triage nurse or other health worker. In these clinics, the injury or illness may not be serious enough to require a visit to an emergency room (ER), but the person can be transferred to one if needed.

Treatment at these clinics is often less expensive than it would be at a casualty department. Also, unlike an ER these clinics are often not open on a 24/7/365 basis. They sometimes have access to diagnostic equipment such as X-ray machines, especially if the clinic is part of a larger facility. Doctors at such clinics can often refer patients to specialists if the need arises.[6]

Large outpatient clinics

[edit]
Children Policlinic in Novokosino District of Moscow

Large outpatient clinics vary in size, but can be as large as hospitals.

Function

[edit]

Typical large outpatient clinics house general medical practitioners (GPs) such as doctors and nurses to provide ambulatory care and some acute care services but lack the major surgical and pre- and post-operative care facilities commonly associated with hospitals.

Policlinic in Vilnius-Karoliniškės, Lithuania

Besides GPs, if a clinic is a polyclinic, it can house outpatient departments of some medical specialties, such as gynecology, dermatology, ophthalmology, otolaryngology, neurology, pulmonology, cardiology, and endocrinology. In some university cities, polyclinics contain outpatient departments for the entire teaching hospital in one building.

Internationally

[edit]
Policlinic in Písek, Czech Republic

Large outpatient clinics are a common type of healthcare facility in many countries, including France, Germany (long tradition), Switzerland, and most of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (often using a mixed Soviet-German model), as well as in former Soviet republics such as Russia and Ukraine;[7] and in many countries across Asia and Africa.[8]

In Europe, especially in the Central and Eastern Europe, bigger outpatient health centers, commonly in cities and towns, are called policlinics (derived from the word polis, not from poly-).

Recent[when?] Russian governments have attempted to replace the policlinic model introduced during Soviet times with a more western model. However, this has failed.[9]

In the Czech Republic, many policlinics were privatized or leasehold and decentralized in the post-communist era: some of them are just lessors and coordinators of a healthcare provided by private doctor's offices in the policlinic building.[10]

India has also set up huge numbers of polyclinics for former defense personnel. The network envisages 426 polyclinics in 343 districts of the country which will benefit about 33 lakh (3.3 million) ex-servicemen residing in remote and far-flung areas.[11]

Policlinics are also the backbone of Cuba's primary care system and have been credited with a role in improving that nation's health indicators.[12]

Mobile clinics

[edit]
Hinduja National Hospital's mobile clinic
A mobile health clinic operated from a truck

Providing health services through mobile clinics provides accessible healthcare services to these remote areas that have yet to make their way in the politicized space. For example, mobile clinics have proved helpful in dealing with new settlement patterns in Costa Rica. Before foreign aid organizations or the state government became involved in healthcare, Costa Rica's people managed their own health maintenance and protection.[13] People relied on various socio-cultural adaptations and remedies to prevent illnesses, such as personal hygiene and settlement patterns.[13] When new settlements that sprang up along the coast became "artificial" communities, and due to lack of traditional home healing practices here, alternative methods such as mobile clinics had to be implemented in these communities for the protection and prevention of diseases.[13]

A study done in rural Namibia revealed the health changes of orphans, vulnerable children and non-vulnerable children (OVC) visiting a mobile clinic where health facilities are far from the remote villages.[14] Over 6 months, information on immunization status, diagnosis of anemia, skin and intestinal disorders, nutrition, dental disorders was collected and showed that visits to mobile clinics improved the overall health of children that visited regularly. It concluded that specified "planning of these programs in areas with similarly identified barriers may help correct the health disparities among Namibian OVC and could be a first step in improving child morbidity and mortality in difficult-to-reach rural areas."[14]

A mobile clinic run from a pickup truck in Yemen

Food supplementation in the context of routine mobile clinic visits also shows to have improved the nutritional status of children, and it needs further exploration as a way to reduce childhood malnutrition in resource-scarce areas. A cross-sectional study focussed on comparing acute and chronic undernutrition rates prior to and after a food-supplementation program as an adjunct to routine health care for children of migrant workers residing in rural communities in the Dominican Republic.[15] Rates of chronic undernutrition decreased from 33% to 18% after the initiation of the food-supplementation program and shows that the community members attending the mobile clinics are not just passively receiving the information but are incorporating it and helping keep their children nourished.[15]

Types

[edit]
Storefront clinic in Manhattan

There are many different types of clinics providing outpatient services. Such clinics may be public (government-funded) or private medical practices.

  • A CLSC are in Quebec; they are a type of free clinic funded by the provincial government; they provide service not covered by Canada's healthcare plan including social workers
  • In the United States, a free clinic provides free or low-cost healthcare for those with little or without insurance.
  • A retail-based clinic is housed in supermarkets and similar retail outlets providing walk-in health care, which may be staffed by nurse practitioners.
  • A general out-patient clinic offers general diagnoses or treatments without an overnight stay.
  • A polyclinic or policlinic provides a range of healthcare services (including diagnostics) without need of an overnight stay
  • A specialist clinic provides advanced diagnostic or treatment services for specific diseases or parts of the body. This type contrasts with general out-patient clinics.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ κλινικός in A Greek–English Lexicon. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
  2. ^ clinicus in A Latin Dictionary. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
  3. ^ Partridge, Eric. Origins: A short etymological dictionary of modern English. Book Club Associates, 1966.
  4. ^ Clinic, Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary, 1913.
  5. ^ "Statistical Communiqué on the 2011 National Economic and Social Development". stats.gov.cn. National Bureau of Statistics of China. 22 February 2012. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
  6. ^ "Clinic search engine tools to find the right Clinic". 123 clinic. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
  7. ^ NLH – Health Management – Policlinics. Retrieved 3 July 2008.[permanent dead link]
  8. ^ Google
  9. ^ Ershova I, Rider O, Gorelov V (December 2007). "Policlinics in London". Lancet. 370 (9603): 1890–1. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61793-0. PMID 18068500. S2CID 43512994.
  10. ^ David Rath: Trnitá cesta privatizace českého zdravotnictví, Hospodářské noviny, 10 September 1996
  11. ^ "199 Additional Polyclinics For Ex-Servicemen". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 26 May 2010.
  12. ^ Cuba's primary health care revolution: 30 years on, Bulletin of the World Health Organization
  13. ^ a b c Morgan, Lynn M. (February 1993). Community Participation in Health: The Politics of Primary Care in Costa Rica. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511558092. ISBN 978-0-521-41898-0. Retrieved 8 May 2020. cite book: |website= ignored (help)
  14. ^ a b Aneni, Ehimen; De Beer, Ingrid H.; Hanson, Laura; Rijnen, Bas; Brenan, Alana T.; Feeley, Frank G. (2013). "Mobile primary healthcare services and health outcomes of children in rural Namibia". Rural and Remote Health. 13 (3): 2380. ISSN 1445-6354. PMID 24016257.
  15. ^ a b Parikh, Kavita; Marein-Efron, Gabriela; Huang, Shirley; O'Hare, Geraldine; Finalle, Rodney; Shah, Samir S. (September 2010). "Nutritional Status of Children after a Food-Supplementation Program Integrated with Routine Health Care through Mobile Clinics in Migrant Communities in the Dominican Republic". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 83 (3): 559–564. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0485. ISSN 0002-9637. PMC 2929051. PMID 20810820.

Wrinkles on the face and hands are a typical sign of aging

A wrinkle, also known as a rhytid, is a fold, ridge or crease in an otherwise smooth surface, such as on skin or fabric. Skin wrinkles typically appear as a result of ageing processes such as glycation,[1] habitual sleeping positions,[2] loss of body mass, sun damage,[3] or temporarily, as the result of prolonged immersion in water. Age wrinkling in the skin is promoted by habitual facial expressions, aging, sun damage, smoking, poor hydration, and various other factors.[4] In humans, it can also be prevented to some degree by avoiding excessive solar exposure and through diet (in particular through consumption of carotenoids, tocopherols and flavonoids, vitamins (A, C, D and E), essential omega-3-fatty acids, certain proteins and lactobacilli).[5]

Skin

[edit]

Causes for aging wrinkles

[edit]
A woman of European origin with facial wrinkles

Development of facial wrinkles is a kind of fibrosis of the skin. Misrepair-accumulation aging theory suggests that wrinkles develop from incorrect repairs of injured elastic fibers and collagen fibers.[6][7][8] Repeated extensions and compressions of the skin cause repeated injuries of extracellular fibers in derma. During the repairing process, some of the broken elastic fibers and collagen fibers are not regenerated and restored but replaced by altered fibers. When an elastic fiber is broken in an extended state, it may be replaced by a "long" collagen fiber. Accumulation of "long" collagen fibers makes part of the skin looser and stiffer, and as a consequence, a big fold of skin appears. When a "long" collagen is broken in a compressed state, it may be replaced by a "short" collagen fiber. The "shorter" collagen fibers will restrict the extension of "longer" fibers, and make the “long" fibers in a folding state permanently. A small fold, namely a permanent wrinkle, then appears.

Sleep wrinkles

[edit]

Sleep wrinkles are created and reinforced when the face is compressed against a pillow or bed surface in side or stomach sleeping positions during sleep.[9] They appear in predictable locations due to the underlying superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS), and are usually distinct from wrinkles of facial expression.[10] As with wrinkles of facial expression, sleep wrinkles can deepen and become permanent over time, unless the habitual sleeping positions which cause the wrinkles are altered.[11]

Water-immersion wrinkling

[edit]
A wrinkled finger after a warm bath

The wrinkles that occur in skin over prolonged exposure to water are sometimes referred to as pruney fingers or water aging. This is a temporary skin condition where the skin on the palms of the hand or feet becomes wrinkly. This wrinkling response may have imparted an evolutionary benefit by providing improved traction in wet conditions,[12] and a better grasp of wet objects.[13] These results were called into question by a 2014 study that failed to reproduce any improvement of handling wet objects with wrinkled fingertips.[14] However, a 2020 study of gripping efficiency found that wrinkles decreased the force required to grip wet objects by 20%, supporting the traction hypothesis.[15]

Prior to a 1935 study, the common explanation was based on water absorption in the keratin-laden epithelial skin when immersed in water,[16] causing the skin to expand and resulting in a larger surface area, forcing it to wrinkle. Usually the tips of the fingers and toes are the first to wrinkle because of a thicker layer of keratin and an absence of hairs which secrete the protective oil called sebum.

Adult sole showing water immersion wrinkling

In the 1935 study, however, Lewis and Pickering were studying patients with palsy of the median nerve when they discovered that skin wrinkling did not occur in the areas of the patients' skin normally innervated by the damaged nerve. This suggested that the nervous system plays an essential role in wrinkling, so the phenomenon could not be entirely explained simply by water absorption. Recent research shows that wrinkling is related to vasoconstriction.[17][18] Water probably initiates the wrinkling process by altering the balance of electrolytes in the skin as it diffuses into the hands and soles via their many sweat ducts. This could alter the stability of the membranes of the many neurons that synapse on the many blood vessels underneath skin, causing them to fire more rapidly. Increased neuronal firing causes blood vessels to constrict, decreasing the amount of fluid underneath the skin. This decrease in fluid would cause a decrease in tension, causing the skin to become wrinkly.[19]

This insight resulted in bedside tests for nerve damage and vasoconstriction. Wrinkling is often scored with immersion of the hands for 30 minutes in water or EMLA cream with measurements steps of 5 minutes, and counting the number of visible wrinkles in time. Not all healthy persons have finger wrinkling after immersion, so it would be safe to say that sympathetic function is preserved if finger wrinkling after immersion in water is observed, but if the fingers emerge smooth it cannot be assumed that there is a lesion to the autonomic supply or to the peripheral nerves of the hand.[20]

Other animals with wrinkles

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Examples of wrinkles can be found in various animal species that grow loose, excess skin, particularly when they are young. Several breeds of dog, such as the Pug and the Shar Pei, have been bred to exaggerate this trait. In dogs bred for fighting, this is the result of selection for loose skin, which confers a protective advantage.[21]

Techniques for reducing the appearance of aging wrinkles

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A man receiving a botox injection

Current evidence suggests that tretinoin decreases cohesiveness of follicular epithelial cells, although the exact mode of action is unknown. Additionally, tretinoin stimulates mitotic activity and increased turnover of follicular epithelial cells.[22] Tretinoin is better known by the brand name Retin-A.

Topical glycosaminoglycans supplements can help to provide temporary restoration of enzyme balance to slow or prevent matrix breakdown and consequent onset of wrinkle formation. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are produced by the body to maintain structural integrity in tissues and to maintain fluid balance. Hyaluronic acid is a type of GAG that promotes collagen synthesis, repair, and hydration. GAGs serve as a natural moisturizer and lubricant between epidermal cells to inhibit the production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs).

Dermal fillers are injectable products frequently used to correct wrinkles, and other depressions in the skin. They are often a kind of soft tissue designed to enable injection into the skin for purposes of improving the appearance. The most common products are based on hyaluronic acid and calcium hydroxylapatite.

Botulinum toxin is a neurotoxin protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. Botox is a specific form of botulinum toxin manufactured by Allergan for both therapeutic and cosmetic use. Besides its cosmetic application, Botox is used in the treatment of other conditions including migraine headache and cervical dystonia (spasmodic torticollis) (a neuromuscular disorder involving the head and neck).[23]

Dysport, manufactured by Ipsen, received FDA approval and is now used to treat cervical dystonia as well as glabellar lines in adults. In 2010, another form of botulinum toxin, one free of complexing proteins, became available to Americans. Xeomin received FDA approval for medical indications in 2010 and cosmetic indications in 2011.

Botulinum toxin treats wrinkles by immobilizing the muscles which cause wrinkles. It is not appropriate for the treatment of all wrinkles; it is indicated for the treatment of glabellar lines (between the eyebrows) in adults. Any other usage is not approved by the FDA and is considered off-label use.

Laser resurfacing is FDA-cleared skin resurfacing procedure in which lasers are used to improve the condition of the skin.[citation needed] Two types of lasers are used to reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles on the face; laser ablation, which removes thin layers of skin, and nonablative lasers that stimulate collagen production. Nonablative lasers are less effective than ablative ones but they are less invasive and recovery time is short. After the procedure people experience temporary redness, itching and swelling.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Danby, FW (Jul–Aug 2010). "Nutrition and aging skin: sugar and glycation". Clin Dermatol. 4. 28 (4): 409–411. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2010.03.018. PMID 20620757.
  2. ^ American Academy of Dermatology. "Causes of Aging". AgingSkinNet. American Academy of Dermatology. Retrieved 5 March 2013.
  3. ^ Cosmetic Procedures for Wrinkles
  4. ^ Anderson, Laurence. 2006. Looking Good, the Australian guide to skin care, cosmetic medicine and cosmetic surgery. AMPCo. Sydney. ISBN 0-85557-044-X.
  5. ^ Schagen, S. K.; Zampeli, V. A.; Makrantonaki, E.; Zouboulis, C. C. (2012). "Discovering the link between nutrition and skin aging". Dermato-Endocrinology. 4 (3): 298–307. doi:10.4161/derm.22876. PMC 3583891. PMID 23467449.
  6. ^ Wang, Jicun; Michelitsch, Thomas; Wunderlin, Arne; Mahadeva, Ravi (2009). "Aging as a consequence of Misrepair—a novel theory of aging". arXiv:0904.0575 [q-bio.TO].
  7. ^ Wang-Michelitsch, Jicun; Michelitsch, Thomas (2015). "Aging as a process of accumulation of Misrepairs". arXiv:1503.07163 [q-bio.TO].
  8. ^ Wang-Michelitsch, Jicun; Michelitsch, Thomas (2015). "Tissue fibrosis: a principal evidence for the central role of Misrepairs in aging". arXiv:1505.01376 [q-bio.TO].
  9. ^ Sarifakioglu, Nedim; Terzioglu, A.; Ates, L.; Aslan, G. (2004). "A New Phenomenon: 'Sleep Lines' on the Face". Scan J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg. 38 (4): 244–247. doi:10.1080/02844310410027257. PMID 15370809. S2CID 25307487.
  10. ^ Fulton, James E.; Gaminchi, F. (1999). "Sleep Lines". Dermatol Surg. 25 (1): 59–62. doi:10.1046/j.1524-4725.1999.08073.x. PMID 9935097.
  11. ^ Sarifakioglu, Nedim; Terzioglu, A.; Ates, L.; Aslan, G. (2004). "A New Phenomenon: 'Sleep Lines' on the Face". Scan J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg. 38 (4): 244–247 [246]. doi:10.1080/02844310410027257. PMID 15370809. S2CID 25307487.
  12. ^ Mark Changizi; Romann Weber; Ritesh Kotecha; Joseph Palazzo (2011). "Are Wet-Induced Wrinkled Fingers Primate Rain Treads?". Brain, Behavior and Evolution. 77 (4): 286–90. doi:10.1159/000328223. PMID 21701145.
  13. ^ Kareklas, Kyriacos; Nettle, Daniel; Smulders, Tom V (January 9, 2013). "Water-induced finger wrinkles improve handling of wet objects". Biol. Lett. 9 (2): 20120999. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2012.0999. PMC 3639753. PMID 23302867.
  14. ^ Haseleu, Julia; Omerbašić, Damir; Frenzel, Henning; Gross, Manfred; Lewin, Gary R. (2014). Goldreich, Daniel (ed.). "Water-Induced Finger Wrinkles Do Not Affect Touch Acuity or Dexterity in Handling Wet Objects". PLOS ONE. 9 (1): e84949. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...984949H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0084949. PMC 3885627. PMID 24416318.
  15. ^ Davis, N. (8 November 2020). "Water-immersion finger-wrinkling improves grip efficiency in handling wet objects". bioRxiv 10.1101/2020.11.07.372631.
  16. ^ "Dr Karl's Homework – Skin Wrinkles in Water (26/1/2000)". Abc.net.au. 2000-01-26. Retrieved 2019-04-30.
  17. ^ Einar P.V. Wilder-Smith; Adeline Chow (2003). "Water-immersion wrinkeling is due to vasoconstriction". Muscle & Nerve. 27 (3): 307–311. doi:10.1002/mus.10323. PMID 12635117. S2CID 45193684.
  18. ^ Einar P. V. Wilder-Smith (2004). "Water immersion wrinkling". Clinical Autonomic Research. 14 (2): 125–131. doi:10.1007/s10286-004-0172-4. PMID 15095056. S2CID 44938772.
  19. ^ H. Zhai, K.P. Whilem H. L. Maibach (2007). Dermatotoxicology. pp. 280–281.
  20. ^ G Alvarez, J Eurolo; P Canales (1980). "Finger wrinkling after immersion in water". British Medical Journal. 281 (6240): 586–587. doi:10.1136/bmj.281.6240.586-a. PMC 1713922. PMID 7427379.
  21. ^ The Dog Encyclopedia: The Definitive Visual Guide. Penguin. 15 August 2023. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-7440-8513-6.
  22. ^ Stefanaki C, Stratigos A, Katsambas A (June 2005). "Topical retinoids in the treatment of photoaging". J Cosmet Dermatol. 4 (2): 130–4. doi:10.1111/j.1473-2165.2005.40215.x. PMID 17166212. S2CID 44702740.
  23. ^ Brin MF, Lew MF, Adler CH, Comella CL, Factor SA, Jankovic J, O'Brien C, Murray JJ, Wallace JD, Willmer-Hulme A, Koller M (1999). "Safety and efficacy of NeuroBloc (botulinum toxin type B) in type A-resistant cervical dystonia". Neurology. 53 (7): 1431–8. doi:10.1212/WNL.53.7.1431. PMID 10534247.
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